Every source.
In one place.
This page lists all 86 guidelines, trials and reviews this site is built on. Every claim elsewhere on the site links to one of them. Where a source has a DOI, it is listed so you can look it up independently of us.
How we choose sources is described on the about page.
Clinical guidelines
- WHO guideline for non-surgical management of chronic primary low back pain in adults in primary and community care settings
World Health Organization · 2023
- Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management (NG59)
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence · 2016
- Chronic pain (primary and secondary) in over 16s: assessment of all chronic pain and management of chronic primary pain (NG193)
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence · 2021
- NHG-Standaard Aspecifieke lagerugpijn
Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap · 2017
- NHG-Standaard Pijn
Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap · 2018
- KNGF-richtlijn Lage rugpijn en lumbosacraal radiculair syndroom
Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Fysiotherapie
- ACP 2017
American College of Physicians · 2017 DOI 10.7326/M16-2367
- NVAB 2021
Nederlandse Vereniging voor Arbeids- en Bedrijfsgeneeskunde
- RICHTLIJN LRS
Richtlijnendatabase
- LRS CHIRURGIE
Richtlijnendatabase
- LRS EPIDURAAL
Richtlijnendatabase
- RICHTLIJN SI FACET
Richtlijnendatabase
- WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour
World Health Organization · 2020
Dutch coverage and professional positions
- Standpunt fysio- en oefentherapie bij lage rugklachten
Zorginstituut Nederland · 2024
- HENW ACUPUNCTUUR
Huisarts en Wetenschap
- Standpunt Interdisciplinaire medisch-specialistische revalidatie bij chronische pijn
Zorginstituut Nederland · 2026
- ZIN RFD 2015
Zorginstituut Nederland · 2015
Randomised trials
- PACE TRIAL
The Lancet · 2014 DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60805-9
- OPAL TRIAL
The Lancet · 2023 DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00404-X
- RESTORE TRIAL
The Lancet · 2023 DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00441-5
- PRT TRIAL
JAMA Psychiatry · 2021 DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2669
- SCIATICA TRIAL
New England Journal of Medicine · 2007 DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa064039
- WALKBACK TRIAL
The Lancet · 2024 DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00755-4
- MINT TRIAL
JAMA · 2017 DOI 10.1001/jama.2017.7918
- BAILEY 2020
New England Journal of Medicine · 2020 DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1912658
- PTED TRIAL
BMJ · 2022 DOI 10.1136/bmj-2021-065846
- FORSTH 2016
New England Journal of Medicine · 2016 DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1513721
- PACBACK 2025
JAMA · 2025 DOI 10.1001/jama.2025.21990
- PRECISE 2017
New England Journal of Medicine · 2017 DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1614292
- KOVACS 2003
The Lancet · 2003 DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14792-7
- HELP 2025
JAMA Network Open · 2025 DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.53807
- BROX 2003
Spine · 2003 DOI 10.1097/01.brs.0000083234.62751.7a
- FRITZELL 2001
Spine · 2001 DOI 10.1097/00007632-200112010-00002
- FAIRBANK 2005
BMJ · 2005 DOI 10.1136/bmj.38441.620417.8F
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
- STEFFENS 2016
JAMA Internal Medicine · 2016 DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7431
- CASHIN 2025
BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · 2025 DOI 10.1136/bmjebm-2024-112974
- WALLWORK 2024
CMAJ · 2024 DOI 10.1503/cmaj.230542
- JENKINS 2025
The Lancet Rheumatology · 2025 DOI 10.1016/S2665-9913(25)00064-5
- WEWEGE 2023
BMJ · 2023 DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-072962
- BACPAP 2024
The Lancet Rheumatology · 2024 DOI 10.1016/S2665-9913(23)00324-7
- BRINJIKJI 2015
American Journal of Neuroradiology · 2015 DOI 10.3174/ajnr.A4173
- VICKERS 2018
The Journal of Pain · 2018 DOI 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.11.005
- FOSTER 2018
The Lancet · 2018 DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30489-6
- CASHIN 2021
BMJ · 2021 DOI 10.1136/bmj.n1446
- COCHRANE BEDREST
Cochrane DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD007612.pub2
- COCHRANE NSAIDS
Cochrane DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD013581
- COCHRANE PARACETAMOL
Cochrane DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD012230
- COCHRANE EXERCISE
Cochrane DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD009790.pub2
- COCHRANE ACUPUNCTURE
Cochrane DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD013814
- COCHRANE MULTIDISC
Cochrane DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD000963.pub3
- COCHRANE MASSAGE
Cochrane DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub3
- COCHRANE EPIDURAAL
Cochrane DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD013577
- COCHRANE STENOSE
Cochrane DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD010264.pub2
- COCHRANE SCS
Cochrane DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD014789.pub2
- Spinal manipulative therapy for adults with chronic low back pain
Cochrane · 2026 DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD008112.pub3
- Superficial heat or cold for low back pain
Cochrane · 2006 DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD004750.pub2
- CHOU 2015
Annals of Internal Medicine · 2015 DOI 10.7326/M15-0934
- Incidence of Spontaneous Resorption of Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Meta-analysis
Clinical Spine Surgery · 2024 DOI 10.1097/BSD.0000000000001490
- The probability of spontaneous regression of lumbar herniated disc: a systematic review
Clinical Rehabilitation · 2015 DOI 10.1177/0269215514540919
- SHIRI 2010
The American Journal of Medicine · 2010 DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.028
- ZHANG 2018
Clinical Spine Surgery · 2018 DOI 10.1097/BSD.0000000000000468
- HARTVIGSEN 2018
The Lancet · 2018 DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30480-X
- To Flex or Not to Flex? Is There a Relationship Between Lumbar Spine Flexion During Lifting and Low Back Pain?
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy · 2020 DOI 10.2519/jospt.2020.9218
- An update of stabilisation exercises for low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · 2014 DOI 10.1186/1471-2474-15-416
- Occupational health guidelines for the management of low back pain at work: evidence review
Occupational Medicine · 2001 DOI 10.1093/occmed/51.2.124
- Occupational Psychological Factors Increase the Risk for Back Pain: A Systematic Review
Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · 2001 DOI 10.1023/a:1016656225318
- Physical conditioning as part of a return to work strategy to reduce sickness absence for workers with back pain
Cochrane · 2013 DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001822.pub3
Cohort studies
- VAN HELVOIRT 2014
Pain Medicine · 2014 DOI 10.1111/pme.12450
- DA SILVA 2019
Journal of Physiotherapy · 2019 DOI 10.1016/j.jphys.2019.04.010
- Outcomes After Lumbar Disk Herniation Surgery in the Dutch Population
Global Spine Journal · 2023 DOI 10.1177/2192568221991124
- Practice variation in surgical treatment for lumbar degenerative disc disease: exploring regional and hospital factors influencing surgical rates
Scientific Reports · 2024 DOI 10.1038/s41598-024-59629-9
- SKARPSNO 2021
Scientific Reports · 2021 DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-94845-7
- POWER 2001
American Journal of Public Health · 2001 DOI 10.2105/AJPH.91.10.1671
- Running exercise strengthens the intervertebral disc
Scientific Reports · 2017 DOI 10.1038/srep45975
Reference and practice data
- THUISARTS RUGPIJN
Thuisarts.nl
- July 2026 exceptional surveillance of low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management (NG59)
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence · 2026
- Eigen risico (Zvw)
Zorginstituut Nederland
- NVVN RUGHERNIA
Nederlandse Vereniging voor Neurochirurgie
- KNMG SECOND OPINION
KNMG
- New criteria for inflammatory back pain in patients with chronic back pain: a real patient exercise by experts from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS)
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · 2009 DOI 10.1136/ard.2008.101501
- The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · 2009 DOI 10.1136/ard.2009.108233
- Arbeidsomstandigheden, De arbeidsmarkt in cijfers 2022
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek · 2022
- Ziekteverzuim naar oorzaak
VZinfo (RIVM)
- IASP
International Association for the Study of Pain
- Anatomy, Back, Vertebral Column
StatPearls
- The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine
Science · 1977 DOI 10.1126/science.847460